Volume 2 - 3/2021, Original articles, 178-183

Women’s perception of the menopause transition: a multinational, prospective, community-based survey

DOI: doi.org/10.53260/GREM.212037 | Citation

Nick Panay, Santiago Palacios, Sonia Davison, Rodney Baber

  • Nick Panay CONTACT Imperial College London, Women’s Health Research Centre Queen Charlotte’s Hospital Du Cane Road London, UK W12 0HS
  • Santiago Palacios Instituto Palacios de Salud de la Mujer, Madrid, España
  • Sonia Davison President, Australasian Menopause Society, Clinical Fellow, Jean Hailes for Women’s Health, Women’s Health Research Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
  • Rodney Baber Clinical Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Abstract

Background and purpose:

In addition to vasomotor symptoms, the approach to the menopause transition can be associated with irregular menses, mood changes and genitourinary symptoms. The primary objective of the survey was to gain a greater understanding of women’s expectations, knowledge and perceptions of menopause and how it affects quality of life (QoL).

Methods:

One multinational and one national survey included 7,164 non-menopausal and menopausal (which broadly encompassed perimenopausal through postmenopausal) women (aged 45-55 years) from the United Kingdom (n=1,005), France (n=1,005), Germany (n=1,007), Italy (n=1,003), Poland (n=1,033), Spain (n=1,008) and Australia (n=1,103). Questions investigated women’s knowledge, attitudes, expectations and experiences regarding menopause.

Results:

Seventy percent of the European women and 80% of the Australian women were menopausal, and many of them had bothersome symptoms. Among women who identified as menopausal, 90% of Europeans and 97% of Australians experienced physical symptoms, and 55% of European women and 63% of Australian women reported psychological symptoms associated with menopause. Only 8% of European women reported experiencing no symptoms of menopause. Menopausal women in the United Kingdom reported the highest number of symptoms. Non-menopausal women underestimated the impact of menopause on QoL. Less than half of women reported feeling “very well supported” during the menopause transition. Despite feeling informed, women had many misperceptions about menopause.

Conclusions:

European and Australian women experience similar menopausal symptoms that negatively influence QoL. Expectations and experiences differ between Europe and Australia, and between non-menopausal and menopausal women. Women who do not feel supported during the menopause transition report more symptoms and a greater negative impact of their symptoms.

Full article PDF

Full Article

Introduction

Women may experience different symptoms attributed to menopause based on their stage of transition [1-4], and not all women experience symptoms. Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), such as hot flushes and night sweats, are considered the cardinal menopausal symptoms, and are experienced by approximately 80% of women [5]. Night sweats can cause significant sleep disturbances, potentially leading to fatigue and cognitive impairment [6,7]. Among women aged 40 to 59 years with VMS, 74% report that their sleep suffers [8], and 26% of women experience severe sleep difficulties that may influence daytime functioning [9]. Symptoms associated with genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) usually occur later [4], although the onset can be early in some women. GSM symptoms include genital symptoms of dryness, burning and irritation; sexual symptoms, including lack of lubrication, dyspareunia and impaired function; and urinary symptoms of urgency, dysuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections [10]. Symptomatic women often have more than 1 menopause-related symptom; however, they typically seek treatment only when symptoms become sufficiently bothersome [6,8,11].

Individual experiences of menopause are influenced by each woman’s personal, family and social/ethnic/cultural perspectives; her knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards menopause; and her current roles, and how she anticipates menopause may change these roles [2,12-14]. However, studies suggest a lack of knowledge, understanding and appreciation among women, their partners, employers and healthcare professionals (HCPs) regarding menopause and menopause-related symptoms. An Australian study of women aged 40 to 60 years showed that pre- and perimenopausal women often overestimated the intensity and duration of physical and emotional symptoms of menopause compared with women who were postmenopausal [15]. A systematic review demonstrated that women with more negative attitudes towards menopause report more symptoms during menopause [16]. A survey of highly educated Asian women showed that although 87% had positive perceptions of menopause and 46% reported that they had sufficient knowledge about menopause, only 5% knew about menopause hormonal therapy and none knew about available alternative therapies [17].
Many women in midlife would benefit from objective discussions with their healthcare providers regarding their knowledge, perceptions and expectations surrounding menopause. Thus, it is incumbent upon HCPs to discuss menopause, examine individual needs, preferences and expectations, correct misperceptions, and provide objective information about symptoms and their treatments.

 

Methods

Two observational surveys were conducted, one across 6 European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the other in Australia, to improve our understanding of women’s knowledge, expectations and perceptions of menopause and how it affects them. Women aged 45 to 55 years were recruited through an online panel for which they had previously consented to participate in surveys. The distribution of the survey participants was similar to the respective national proportions in terms of age, professional role, incomes and regions of residence. Women were interviewed through a computer-assisted web interviewing approach, using only closed-ended questions. The surveys were designed to be easily understandable by women of all backgrounds, were presented in each country’s native language, and required about 20 minutes to complete. Women were excluded from participating if they worked in advertising, market research, the newspaper/magazine/broadcasting industries, public relations, pharmaceuticals, or if they were HCPs.

Women were asked to self-identify as one of the following categories:

  • “Non-menopausal” if they had regular periods and no symptoms of the menopause
  • “Menopausal,” which broadly encompassed:
    • “Perimenopausal,” women who self-identified as having irregular periods and menopause symptoms, or who noted that their periods were widely spaced
    • “Postmenopausal,” women who no longer had periods (no periods for at least 12 months).

The symptoms discussed in the surveys were compiled from a list of symptoms found in published research to be frequently associated with menopause and/or associated with women in this age bracket. This was a descriptive study and therefore no statistical analysis was performed, nor was sample size calculation needed.   No IRB authorisation was required as the women who chose not to answer any particular question did not have to participate, and indeed were removed from the survey (only those who freely chose to answer every question were included).

Results

Demographics

A total of 7,164 women completed the surveys: n=6,061 in Europe (EU; n=1,005 in the United Kingdom [UK], n=1,005 in France, n=1,033 in Poland, n=1,008 in Spain, n=1,003 in Italy, and n=1,007 in Germany) and n=1,103 women from Australia (AUS). The majority of the participating women (n = 4,243; 70% in EU and 80% in AUS) were considered “menopausal,” a category that, as mentioned, included all women who self-identified as peri- or postmenopausal. More than one-third of “menopausal” women in EU (35%) and AUS (34%) self-identified as postmenopausal (Figure 1). Approximately two-thirds of the women had partners; 2% were widowed, and approximately one-third were single (AUS, 22%; EU, 15%) or divorced (AUS, 12%; EU, 13%) (Table 1). Most were working, with 33% in EU and 16% in AUS reporting being skilled working class, or working class, and 39% (EU) to 47% (AUS) describing themselves as being in supervisory, managerial, or professional roles. . Forty percent of women resided in smaller cities or rural areas.

Key concerns and knowledge of menopause

A large percentage of women (78% in AUS and 86% in EU) identified “facing a health issue” as the top concern they were most afraid to confront in the next few years (Table 2). “Facing menopausal symptoms” was identified as an important concern for 48% of women in EU and 56% of women in AUS. Within EU, women in the UK and Italy (57% each) expressed greater concern, whereas women in Spain (40%), Germany (37%) and France (41%) were less concerned about menopause.

Many women reported feeling informed regarding their knowledge of menopause. In EU, 73% of women stated they felt informed, including 78% of menopausal women and 62% of non-menopausal women. In AUS, 68% of women reported that they felt informed, including 71% of older women (aged 50-55 years) and 62% of younger women (aged 45-49 years).

Menopause-associated symptoms and quality of life

Non-menopausal women were asked about the symptoms they anticipated having, and menopausal women were asked about the symptoms they were experiencing or had experienced, as well as the anticipated or real consequences of those symptoms on several quality-of-life (QoL) parameters.

 

Menopausal women

Menopausal women experienced an average of 4.8 symptoms in EU and 6.7 symptoms in AUS. The majority of menopausal women, 90% in EU and 97% in AUS, experienced physical symptoms, including hot flushes, feeling tired, sleep disorders, sweats, weight gain, low libido, skin changes, joint or muscle stiffness, vulvovaginal dryness, palpitations, urinary dysfunction and pain.

Fifty-five percent of European women and 63% of Australian women experienced psychological symptoms, including mood changes, depression and memory/concentration loss. In EU, 8% of women reported having no symptoms, 75% of women experienced 3 or more menopausal symptoms, and 37% reported 6 or more menopausal symptoms. Figure 2 shows that hot flushes were the most commonly experienced symptoms. More women in the UK experienced symptoms than in any other European country.

Symptoms attributed to menopause had a strong negative impact on many “highly valued” QoL parameters. In EU, symptoms negatively impacted “having good physical health” and “feeling good about oneself” and had a moderately negative impact on “spending time with family” and “having a job that brings happiness.” Menopause-related symptoms were also shown to negatively impact having sexual relations.

In AUS, 27% and 19% of women reported no impact or severe impact, respectively, on QoL due to their menopause-associated symptoms. In AUS, 45% of women had sought help for menopausal symptoms, most commonly for hot flushes (66%), heavy periods (65%), night sweats (57%), and depression/low mood (51%).

One-third of European women reported menopause impacted “having a good sex life” (35%), “feeling good about themselves” (40%), and/or “having good physical health” (40%). Among the 37% of European women who reported 6 or more symptoms, 77% stated that menopause negatively affected their health, 63% said it affected their relationships, and 28% stated that it affected their career. Among the 55% of European women who experienced psychological symptoms with menopause, more than two-thirds reported that menopause affected their overall health.

Non-menopausal women

Non-menopausal women stated that they felt somewhat informed about menopause, and generally anticipated experiencing more physical than psychological symptoms with menopause. Ninety-four percent of European non-menopausal women associated physical symptoms with menopause and 66% associated psychological symptoms with menopause, including hot flushes, mood changes (irritability and anxiety), weight gain and night sweats.

Non-menopausal European women overestimated the likelihood of experiencing these symptoms and underestimated that of personally experiencing: VMS, feeling tired, sleep disorders, and memory and concentration loss. Seventy-five percent of Australian non-menopausal women associated physical symptoms with menopause, and 46% associated psychological symptoms with menopause; however, they did not anticipate experiencing most of those symptoms. Eighty-four percent of Australian women associated hot flushes with menopause but only 50% of women anticipated having them, and 68% associated night sweats with menopause but only 37% anticipated experiencing them.

Thirty-three percent of non-menopausal women from AUS perceived that menopause would interfere with “having good physical health”, 40% said it would negatively impact “feeling good about themselves”, and 36% stated that it would impact “having a good sex life”. In EU, 47% of non-menopausal women anticipated that menopause would have no impact on any areas of their QoL.

Feeling supported

Despite the potentially far-ranging impact of menopause, at least one-third of European women did not feel supported (by family, friends and HCPs; Figure 3). Only 44% of women from EU stated that they felt well supported. Women in the UK and France, who reported feeling least informed, also felt least supported (UK, 57%; France, 55%).

In AUS, nearly 20% of women had cancelled an event because of menopause-related symptoms, as had 13% of women in EU. Among women in AUS who had cancelled an event, only 13% reported feeling supported, and 46% stated that they felt somewhat supported. By contrast, of the Australian women who had never cancelled an event, 25% stated that they “definitely” felt supported, and 48% reported feeling “somewhat” supported throughout the menopause transition.

 

Discussion

Observational studies demonstrate a wide range of symptoms among women as they traverse the menopause; these symptoms often negatively affect health-related QoL parameters. Globally, women appear to experience similar symptoms, but with some variation in frequency, severity, interpretation and consequences [14]. In addition to cultural differences, factors that may influence the menopausal experience include genetics, underlying health, diet, stress, socioeconomic status, employment and relationship status [18,19].

In these 2 large surveys, at least 90% of women experienced physical symptoms and at least 50% of women experienced psychological symptoms associated with menopause. On average, women in EU experienced at least 4 and women in AUS experienced at least 6 menopause-related symptoms, with women across the 7 countries reporting similar VMS and symptoms of fatigue. The more symptoms menopausal women experienced, the greater the negative impact that menopause had on their QoL. The surveys indicate that menopause is not a “benign” phase for most women. Most notably, 60% (EU) to 66% (AUS) of women experienced hot flushes, 41% (AUS) to 46% (EU) reported feeling tired, 29% (EU) to 51% (AUS) experienced depression or low mood, and 17% (AUS) to 29% (EU) reported low libido. Current evidence suggests a bi-directional relationship between VMS and depressive symptoms, but not major depressive disorder [20, 21].

Some geographical variations were seen in women’s perceptions of their knowledge of menopause and their sense of support. Lower perceived levels of support were correlated with greater symptoms and a greater perceived negative effect of menopause on QoL. In EU, German women appeared most confident about menopause, with 78% stating they were informed and 70% reporting being well supported; similarly, Spanish women had strong confidence regarding menopause related to their high levels of feeling informed (77%) and supported (79%). By contrast, women in France and the UK reported feeling less well informed and supported (France, 68% informed/55% supported; UK, 68% informed/57% supported).

The findings of the current surveys are similar to those of other studies. Results from a study of 2,020 Australian women aged 40 to 65 years showed that 17% of perimenopausal and 29% of postmenopausal women aged ≤55 years experienced moderate-to-severe VMS [22]. VMS were shown to be significantly and independently negatively associated with general psychological well-being [23], including moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms [24]. Further, the study showed that having any VMS negatively influenced self-assessed work ability parameters [25]. Another study, of 1,534 Australian women, showed that having VMS and vaginal dryness with intercourse were each positively and independently associated with moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms [26].
European survey data support the Australian surveys. Half of the 3,801 women aged 40 to 75 years from 5 European countries in one study had experienced VMS, and these symptoms were associated with greater health resource use and greater work and activity impairments than seen in the women without VMS [27]. Numerous European studies have demonstrated a negative impact of menopause (and often of VMS) on pain symptoms [28-31], as well as on impaired sleep [32,33]. A study that compared first-time attendees of a menopause clinic — these were otherwise healthy, employed Dutch women — reported that symptomatic menopausal women were 8 times more likely to report low work ability; over 76% of symptomatic menopausal women reported serious problems in dealing with the physical and mental demands of their work [34].
Approximately one-third of the women in our surveys reported feeling uninformed about menopause. Non-menopausal women appeared to underestimate the negative impact menopause-related symptoms could have on their daily personal and professional lives. Although other studies have reported similar findings, our evidence also shows that such underestimation of negative impact may be associated with having less troublesome symptoms during the menopausal transition [15,35].

Limitations of surveys

The surveys were not primarily designed for statistical analysis, which potentially limits the significance of the extracted data. They were observational surveys, developed to provide initial insights into the similarities and differences among various geographical areas and across non-menopausal and menopausal women.
The possibility of defining the precise stage of the women’s menopause transition was limited by the nature of the survey questions asked (Figure 1), hence the use of the collective terminologies “non-menopausal” and “menopausal.”
Despite the limitations, we believe these real-life “pilot” data are of interest and could be used as signposts to design further studies using validated questionnaires to further explore the potential and actual impact of menopause on the lives of women across the globe.

 

Conclusions

Findings from these 2 large surveys have shown that women worldwide experience similar menopause-related symptoms that can have substantial negative impacts on QoL parameters.

The surveys also highlighted that a perceived lack of support from family, friends, HCPs, and employers increases the negative experiences and impact of menopause, as women who do not feel supported report more symptoms and a greater impact of those symptoms.

Many women do not feel well informed or may overestimate their knowledge about menopause. HCPs are key resources of menopause information and must be prepared to provide evidence-based guidance to all women as they transition from pre-menopause through menopause.

The need remains for greater outreach and education about menopause through allocation of governmental healthcare resources to women, as well as their partners, employers, co-workers and friends, to increase understanding and support for women as they traverse this stage of life.

Acknowledgements

Technical, editorial and medical writing assistance were provided under the direction of the authors by Lynne Kolton Schneider, PhD, and Strategix, an affiliate of The Lynx Group LLC.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Nick Panay’s institutions received financial grants or compensation for commercial studies from Asarina (SEPRANOLONE), Mithra (ESTETRA), Pharm-Olam/NeRRe (SWITCH 1), Abbott/Mylan/Viatris (OPTIMISE), PregLem (PREMIUM), Sojournix (SJX-653) and Yes (REVIVE ME).

Mr Panay has been paid honoraria for advisory board work with Abbott, Bayer, Besins, Lawley, Meda, Mithra, MSD, Mylan, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche, SeCur and Shionogi.

Dr Palacios reports grants from Pfizer, Amgen, Gedeon Richter, Exeltis, Bayer Schering, MSD, ProCare Health and Serelys; grants and personal fees from Shionogi; and personal fees from Mylan outside the submitted work.

Dr Davison has been a participant in a working group for the Mylan Women’s Health Study and has given educational presentations for Besins PTY LTD, Mylan, Lawley Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer Australia/International and Bayer.

Rodney Baber has given educational lectures at meetings sponsored by Besins and Pfizer.

Source of Funding

Funding for technical, editorial and medical writing assistance support was provided by Viatris (formerly Mylan Inc.).

Media

Figure 1
Figure 1 Menopausal status of women surveyed in Europe and Australia. Nonmenopausal: “I have regular periods and no symptoms of the menopause”. Menopausal: Includes ALL women who identified with one of the following: “I have irregular periods and early symptoms approaching menopause”, “I am going through menopause, which means my periods are widely spaced”, “My menopause is over and I have not had periods for at least 12 months.”
Table 1
Table 1 Socio-demographics.
Figure 2
Figure 2 Most common menopausal symptoms experienced by women surveyed in European countries and in Australia.
Table 2
Table 2 Key concerns and knowledge of menopause.
Figure 3
Figure 3 Percentage of women surveyed in European countries who feel informed and supported regarding menopausal symptoms.

References

  1. Baber RJ, Panay N, Fenton A; IMS Writing Group. 2016 IMS Recommendations on women’s midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2016;19:109-50.
  2. Parish SJ, Nappi RE, Kingsberg S. Perspectives on counseling patients about menopausal hormone therapy: strategies in a complex data environment. Menopause. 2018;25:937-49.
  3. The NAMS 2017 Hormone Therapy Position Statement Advisory Panel. The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017;24:728-53.
  4. Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, et al; STRAW+10 Collaborative Group. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop +10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. Climacteric. 2012;15(2):105-14.
  5. Avis NE, Crawford SL, Green R. Vasomotor symptoms across the menopause transition: differences among women. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018;45:629-40.
  6. Thurston RC, Joffe H. Vasomotor symptoms and menopause: findings from the Study of Women’s Health across the Nation. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2011;38:489-501.
  7. Utian WH. Psychosocial and socioeconomic burden of vasomotor symptoms in menopause: a comprehensive review. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005;3:47.
  8. Blümel JE, Chedraui P, Baron G, et al; Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC). A large multinational study of vasomotor symptom prevalence, duration, and impact on quality of life in middle-aged women. Menopause. 2011;18:778-85.
  9. Baker FC, de Zambotti M, Colrain IM, Bei B. Sleep problems during the menopausal transition: prevalence, impact, and management challenges. Nat Sci Sleep. 2018;10:73-95.
  10. Portman DJ, Gass ML; Vulvovaginal Atrophy Terminology Consensus Conference Panel. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health and the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2014;21:1063-8.
  11. Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al; Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:531-9.
  12. Sarrel P, Portman D, Lefebvre P, et al. Incremental direct and indirect costs of untreated vasomotor symptoms. Menopause. 2015;22(3):260-6.
  13. Hoga L, Rodolpho J, Gonçalves B, Qurino B. Women’s experience of menopause: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2015;13:250-337.
  14. Baber RJ. East is east and West is west: perspectives on the menopause in Asia and the West. 2014;17:23-8.
  15. Brown L, Brown V, Judd F, Bryant C. It’s not as bad as you think: menopausal representations are more positive in postmenopausal women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;39:281-8.
  16. Ayers B, Forshaw M, Hunter MS. The impact of attitudes towards the menopause on women’s symptom experience: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2010;65:28-36.
  17. Memon FR, Jonker L, Qazi RA. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards menopause among highly educated Asian women in their midlife. Post Reprod Health. 2014;20:138-42.
  18. Lee MS, Kim JH, Park MS, et al. Factors influencing the severity of menopause symptoms in Korean post-menopausal women. J Korean Med Sci. 2010;25:758-65.
  19. Dotlic J, Pimenta F, Kovacevic N, et al. Menopausal transition in Southern Europe: comparative study of women in Serbia and Portugal. Menopause. 2017;24:1236-45.
  20. Natari RB, Clavarino AM, McGuire TM, Dingle KD, Hollingworth SA. The bidirectional relationship between vasomotor symptoms and depression across the menopausal transition: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Menopause. 2018;25:109-20.
  21. Worsley R, Bell R, Kulkarni J, Davis SR. The association between vasomotor symptoms and depression during perimenopause: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2014;77:111-7.
  22. Gartoulla P, Worsley R, Bell RJ, Davis SR. Moderate to severe vasomotor and sexual symptoms remain problematic for women aged 60 to 65 years. Menopause. 2015;22:694-701.
  23. Gartoulla P, Bell RJ, Worsley R, Davis SR. Moderate-severely bothersome vasomotor symptoms are associated with lowered psychological general wellbeing in women at midlife. Maturitas. 2015;81:487-92.
  24. Worsley R, Bell RJ, Gartoulla P, Robinson PJ, Davis SR. Moderate-severe vasomotor symptoms are associated with moderate-severe depressive symptoms. J Women’s Health (Larchmt). 2017;26:712-8.
  25. Gartoulla P, Bell RJ, Worsley R, Davis SR. Menopausal vasomotor symptoms are associated with poor self-assessed work ability. Maturitas. 2016;87:33-9.
  26. Zeleke BM, Bell RJ, Billah B, Davis SR. Vasomotor symptoms are associated with depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older women. Menopause. 2017;24:1365-71.
  27. DiBonaventura MD, Chandran A, Hsu MA, Bushmakin A. Burden of vasomotor symptoms in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Int J Women’s Health. 2013;5:261-9.
  28. Gibson CJ, Li Y, Bertenthal D, Huang AJ, Seal KH. Menopause symptoms and chronic pain in a national sample of midlife women veterans. Menopause. 2019;26:708-13.
  29. Kravitz HM, Zheng H, Bromberger JT, Buysse DJ, Owens J, Hall MH. An actigraphy study of sleep and pain in midlife women: The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation Sleep Study. Menopause. 2015;22:710-8.
  30. Terauchi M, Odai T, Hirose A, Kato K, Akiyoshi M, Miyasaka N. Muscle and joint pains in middle-aged women are associated with insomnia and low grip strength: a cross-sectional study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;41:15-21.
  31. Watt FE. Musculoskeletal pain and menopause. Post Reprod Health. 2018;24:34-43.
  32. Baker FC, Lampio L, Saaresranta T, Polo-Kantola P. Sleep and sleep disorders in the menopausal transition Sleep and sleep disorders in the menopausal transition. Sleep Med Clin. 2018;13:443-56.
  33. Pengo MF, Won CH, Bourjeily G. Sleep in women across the life span. Chest. 2018;154:196-206.
  34. Geukes M, van Aalst MP, Robroek SJ, Laven JSE, Oosterhof H. The impact of menopause on work ability in women with severe menopausal symptoms. 2016;90:3-8.
  35. Marvan ML, Castillo-López RL, Arroyo L. Mexican beliefs and attitudes toward menopause and menopausal-related symptoms. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;34:39-45.

Keywords: , , , ,

Citation: Panay N.,Palacios S.,Davison S.,Baber R., Women’s perception of the menopause transition: a multinational, prospective, community-based survey, GREM Gynecological and Reproductive Endocrinology & Metabolism (2021); Volume 2 - 3/2021:178-183 doi: 10.53260/GREM.212037

Published: December 13, 2021