Introduction Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX) is a very rare condition in women, which was described for the first time by Carr et al. in 1961 [1] and to date about 100 cases have been reported worldwide and up to 60 women have been described in scientific publications [2-5]. The analysis of described cases has shown that […]

Introduction Primary hypothalamic pituitary amenorrhea is an amenorrhea caused by hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction affecting the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. A common cause is congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). It is a genetically heterogeneous disorder in which a congenital impairment of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal function leads to impaired synthesis and secretion of GnRH in […]

Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a worldwide healthcare problem. It is defined as any level of dysglycemia with onset or first acknowledgment during gestation [1-3].  The incidence of diabetes in pregnant women increased by 9% annually between 2011 and 2017 [4]. This prevalence is affected by several factors, namely obesity [5].  During pregnancy, there […]

Introduction Endometriosis is frequently seen in women during their reproductive age and generally leads to dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, menstrual irregularity and infertility. This condition is defined as the presence of endometrium out of the uterine cavity [1]. Although extrapelvic endometriosis is not common, it may affect many organs such as the lung, appendix, nose, umbilicus, peritoneum, […]

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