Introduction Evra® (Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary), introduced nearly 20 years ago, was the first transdermal contraceptive patch designed to deliver two hormones. The Evra® patch has high contraceptive efficacy with an overall Pearl Index of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.44–1.35) 1. Studies have shown that the use of  the Evra® patch is associated with improved […]

Introduction Congenital uterine anomalies (CUA) can be a cause of infertility in females. However, the majority of these anomalies go unnoticed after either puberty or when a woman of childbearing age has difficulty conceiving due to repeated adverse pregnancy outcomes. In fact, 3 to 5% of CUA are diagnosed over the age of 16, with […]

Introduction SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) are synthetic molecules that bind to the estrogen receptor and produce agonistic activity in some tissues while being estrogen antagonist in other tissues. For instance, all SERMs, whether in practice or those that never made it to the market, are estrogenic in the bone and the venous system while […]

Introduction The risk of cardiovascular disease increases with aging in both men and women. There are a number of risk factors common to both genders, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking and lack of physical exercise [1]. But for women, the menopause is an additional factor. Loss of ovarian function leads to adverse changes […]

Introduction The sexual health of the aging woman, the man and the couple have been considered for a long time either as a taboo or as a non-medical life style luxury issue. With all the important problems of aging such as immobility, intellectual decline, incontinence, isolation, pain etc., the sexual life of the elderly did […]

Introduction Recent findings indicate that endocrine and metabolic disorders are risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but also that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) adversely affects the endocrine system [1-3]. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 involves SARS-CoV-2 virus entering the lungs through the respiratory system and depositing in the lung parenchyma. The […]

Introduction Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX) is a very rare condition in women, which was described for the first time by Carr et al. in 1961 [1] and to date about 100 cases have been reported worldwide and up to 60 women have been described in scientific publications [2-5]. The analysis of described cases has shown that […]

Introduction Primary hypothalamic pituitary amenorrhea is an amenorrhea caused by hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction affecting the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. A common cause is congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). It is a genetically heterogeneous disorder in which a congenital impairment of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal function leads to impaired synthesis and secretion of GnRH in […]

Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a worldwide healthcare problem. It is defined as any level of dysglycemia with onset or first acknowledgment during gestation [1-3].  The incidence of diabetes in pregnant women increased by 9% annually between 2011 and 2017 [4]. This prevalence is affected by several factors, namely obesity [5].  During pregnancy, there […]

Introduction Endometriosis is frequently seen in women during their reproductive age and generally leads to dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, menstrual irregularity and infertility. This condition is defined as the presence of endometrium out of the uterine cavity [1]. Although extrapelvic endometriosis is not common, it may affect many organs such as the lung, appendix, nose, umbilicus, peritoneum, […]

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