1. Introduction 1.1 Male contraceptive methods: an unmet need Currently, nearly half of all pregnancies globally are unintended, totaling 121 million each year. In the United States, about 45% of pregnancies are unintended. Specifically, 27% of all pregnancies were “unscheduled” and 18% of pregnancies were “unwanted” according to a Guttmacher institute survey [1]. A large […]

Introduction When discussing about the metabolic syndrome (MS), many specialists agree that it is has numerous causes; the most important of which is insulin resistance [1]. MS is defined according to specific criteria that are summarized in Table 1. As it can be easily argued, central obesity is the main common criteria among the presented […]

Introduction Myomas, endometriosis, adenomyosis are gynecological disorders that may cause decreased fertility, either individually or as a group.  Namely the prevalence of adenomyosis may reach 90% in the subset of women with endometriosis younger than 36 [1-4]. A causal relation between adenomyosis and life-long primary infertility has been documented, even when cases of coexisting endometriosis […]

1. Premature ovarian insufficiency: diagnosis, characteristics, and clinical features Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) presents a complex challenge for both clinicians and patients. This condition is characterized by the absence of menstruation before the age of 40 [1]. The ovarian function gradually decreases, leading to its eventual cessation, which manifests in both morphological changes in the […]

Introduction Breast cancer (BC) represents the most frequent endocrine-related tumor with a global incidence of 24.5% and a mortality rate of 15.5%. An estimated 20-25% of new diagnoses occur in premenopausal women [1]. Progress in early diagnosis and in the development of new lines of therapy has improved disease-free survival but at the same time […]

Introduction Terrible crimes against humanity were committed during World War II. The murder of more than 1.5 million children was justified by the Nazis, to prevent “(…) the avengers, in the form of children, grow up and confront our children and grandchildren (…)”. The extermination was carried out with a policy of abortions and infanticide […]

Introduction Evra® (Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary), introduced nearly 20 years ago, was the first transdermal contraceptive patch designed to deliver two hormones. The Evra® patch has high contraceptive efficacy with an overall Pearl Index of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.44–1.35) 1. Studies have shown that the use of  the Evra® patch is associated with improved […]

Introduction The utilization of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has surged in popularity across various clinical applications due to its potential to enhance tissue healing and regeneration. PRP is derived from peripheral blood by centrifugation [1]. After activation, platelets release their α-granule content, which is enriched with growth factors that induce cell proliferation, growth and differentiation […]

Introduction Congenital uterine anomalies (CUA) can be a cause of infertility in females. However, the majority of these anomalies go unnoticed after either puberty or when a woman of childbearing age has difficulty conceiving due to repeated adverse pregnancy outcomes. In fact, 3 to 5% of CUA are diagnosed over the age of 16, with […]

Introduction The risk of cardiovascular disease increases with aging in both men and women. There are a number of risk factors common to both genders, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking and lack of physical exercise [1]. But for women, the menopause is an additional factor. Loss of ovarian function leads to adverse changes […]

Introduction SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) are synthetic molecules that bind to the estrogen receptor and produce agonistic activity in some tissues while being estrogen antagonist in other tissues. For instance, all SERMs, whether in practice or those that never made it to the market, are estrogenic in the bone and the venous system while […]

Introduction The sexual health of the aging woman, the man and the couple have been considered for a long time either as a taboo or as a non-medical life style luxury issue. With all the important problems of aging such as immobility, intellectual decline, incontinence, isolation, pain etc., the sexual life of the elderly did […]

Introduction Recent findings indicate that endocrine and metabolic disorders are risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but also that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) adversely affects the endocrine system [1-3]. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 involves SARS-CoV-2 virus entering the lungs through the respiratory system and depositing in the lung parenchyma. The […]

Introduction Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX) is a very rare condition in women, which was described for the first time by Carr et al. in 1961 [1] and to date about 100 cases have been reported worldwide and up to 60 women have been described in scientific publications [2-5]. The analysis of described cases has shown that […]

Introduction Primary hypothalamic pituitary amenorrhea is an amenorrhea caused by hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction affecting the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. A common cause is congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). It is a genetically heterogeneous disorder in which a congenital impairment of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal function leads to impaired synthesis and secretion of GnRH in […]

Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a worldwide healthcare problem. It is defined as any level of dysglycemia with onset or first acknowledgment during gestation [1-3].  The incidence of diabetes in pregnant women increased by 9% annually between 2011 and 2017 [4]. This prevalence is affected by several factors, namely obesity [5].  During pregnancy, there […]

Introduction Endometriosis is frequently seen in women during their reproductive age and generally leads to dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, menstrual irregularity and infertility. This condition is defined as the presence of endometrium out of the uterine cavity [1]. Although extrapelvic endometriosis is not common, it may affect many organs such as the lung, appendix, nose, umbilicus, peritoneum, […]

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